生物脫硫工藝技術包括生物過濾、生物吸附和生物滴濾。三個係統都是開放係統，它們的微生物種群隨著環境的變化而變化。在生物脫硫過程中，被氧化的含硫汙染物先被還原成硫化物或H2S，然後再被氧化成單質硫才能被脫除。在大多數生物反應器中，微生物種類主要是細菌，其次是真菌，很少有酵母。常用的細菌有氧化亞鐵硫杆菌、脫氮硫杆菌和硫杆菌。非常成功的代表是氧化亞鐵硫杆菌，其非常適pH值為2.0 ~ 2.2.

The biological desulfurization process technology includes biological filtration, biological adsorption, and biological drip filtration. All three systems are open systems, and their microbial populations change with environmental changes. In the process of biological desulfurization, the oxidized sulfur-containing pollutants must first be reduced to sulfides or H2S, and then oxidized to elemental sulfur before they can be removed. In most bioreactors, the microbial species are mainly bacteria, followed by fungi, with very few yeast. The commonly used bacteria include ferrous sulfide bacteria, denitrifying sulfide bacteria, and sulfur bacteria. The most successful representative is Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, whose optimal pH value is 2.0~2.2

存在的問題

Existing problems

1.更好的菌株

1. Better strains of bacteria

總的來說，試劑硫芴是能夠代表煤中有機硫的典型化合物。生物脫硫工藝技術脫除煤中有機硫的微生物篩選實驗時。它們大多用作培養基的營養成分，微生物降解磺基芴有兩種不同的途徑。第一種稱為“4s”途徑，即亞碸經過碸、磺酸酯，非常後是硫酸酯。這種方法是通過特定的降解將硫芴中的硫去除，而其中的碳將保持完整。第二個是碳的破壞性代謝，導致磺基芴的整體降解。許多研究人員一直試圖分離或培養能夠降解或輔助降解磺基芴的菌株，但幾乎所有分離的菌株都隻能通過破壞碳來降解磺基芴。問題是選擇能專門降解有機物的菌株。

Overall, the reagent sulfur fluorene is a typical compound that can represent organic sulfur in coal. During the microbial screening experiment of using biological desulfurization technology to remove organic sulfur from coal. They are mostly used as nutrients in culture media, and there are two different pathways for microbial degradation of sulfofluorenes. The first pathway is called the "4s" pathway, where sulfoxides pass through sulfones, sulfates, and finally sulfates. This method removes sulfur from sulfur fluorene through specific degradation, while keeping the carbon intact. The second is the destructive metabolism of carbon, which leads to the overall degradation of sulfofluorene. Many researchers have been attempting to isolate or cultivate strains that can degrade or assist in the degradation of sulfofluorenes, but almost all isolated strains can only degrade sulfofluorenes by destroying carbon. The problem is to choose strains that can specifically degrade organic matter.

2.穩定脫硫

2. Stable desulfurization

據說有幾個菌株可以用來脫除有機硫。但這些菌株及其在脫除煤中有機硫的作用不夠穩定，結構重現性差。生物脫硫工藝技術幾乎每個研究機構都提到了穩定性和重現性的問題。用微生物處理煤的前提條件是篩選具有穩定脫硫能力的菌株，但這類菌株很難獲得。

It is said that there are several strains of bacteria that can be used to remove organic sulfur. However, these strains and their ability to remove organic sulfur from coal are not stable enough, and their structural reproducibility is poor. Almost every research institution has mentioned the issues of stability and reproducibility in the biological desulfurization process technology. The prerequisite for using microorganisms to treat coal is to screen strains with stable desulfurization ability, but it is difficult to obtain such strains.

3.有機硫的保留

3. Retention of organic sulfur

需要一些新的分析方法來測定某種產品中的有機硫。非常流行的方法是美國材料試驗研究所命名為d2492的方法。該方法通過化學方法分析煤樣，測定總硫、硫酸鹽和二硫化鐵，從總硫含量中減去硫酸鹽和二硫化鐵的含量，間接得到有機硫的含量。這種方法得到的結構並不完全一致，同一個實驗室分析的結構結果可能有10%的誤差，不同實驗室重複分析的誤差高達20%。美國材料測試協會正在測試和修正這種方法。但是，這種誤差程度的分析很難檢測出菌種的改進和煤處理的結構，因為這種方法不能準確地確定一般的改進。生物脫硫工藝技術測定煤中硫含量的另一種方法是元素分析。電子微束可以聚焦在煤的一個小區域或顆粒上。如果對煤中沒有無機物的地區進行分析，煤中的有機硫可以直接通過元素分析來確定。該技術非常有用，但由於其高特異性，不便於常規分析。擴展的X射線吸收精細結構技術也可用於特異性地檢測煤中的有機硫。但是這種方法和電子微束法一樣特異，不容易被廣泛使用。

We need some new analytical methods to determine the organic sulfur in a certain product. The most popular method is the one named d2492 by the American Institute for Testing and Materials. This method analyzes coal samples through chemical methods, determines total sulfur, sulfate, and iron disulfide, and indirectly obtains the content of organic sulfur by subtracting the content of sulfate and iron disulfide from the total sulfur content. The structure obtained by this method is not completely consistent, and the structure results analyzed in the same laboratory may have a 10% error, while the error of repeated analysis in different laboratories can be as high as 20%. The American Society for Testing and Materials is comprehensively testing and revising this method. However, analyzing the degree of error is difficult to detect improvements in bacterial strains and the structure of coal processing, as this method cannot accurately determine general improvements. Another method for determining the sulfur content in coal using biological desulfurization technology is elemental analysis. Electron microbeam can focus on a small area or particle of coal. If analyzing areas without inorganic substances in coal, the organic sulfur in coal can be directly determined through elemental analysis. This technique is very useful, but due to its high specificity, it is not convenient for routine analysis. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure technology can also be used to specifically detect organic sulfur in coal. However, this method is as specific as the electron microbeam method and is not easily widely used.